Tamper Resistant Oral Dosage Forms

ABSTRACT

Disclosed in certain embodiments is a solid oral dosage form comprising: (a) an inert tamper resistant core; and (b) a coating surrounding the core, the coating comprising an active agent.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of solid oral pharmaceuticaldosage forms that are resistant to tampering such as splitting,crushing, shearing, grinding or chewing.

BACKGROUND

Solid oral pharmaceutical dosage forms, most often in the form oftablets, are a common mode of delivering active agents for the treatmentor prevention of diseases and conditions. For a variety of reasons,patients who are prescribed these dosage forms sometimes attempt tosplit or divide the formulation into multiple units. These reasonsinclude cost containment, as the price of a specified amount of a dosageform in a given strength is often less than double the price (or thesame price) as compared to the same amount of dosage forms in half thestrength. This provides the incentive for a patient to split their doseunder their own initiative, or under the direction of their health careprovider. There have also been proposals for mandatory tablet splittingby various state Medicaid programs.

Tablet splitting can be problematic if the patient has cognitiveimpairment that limits the ability of the patient to understand andremember instructions for tablet splitting; or arthritis or otherimpairment of manual dexterity; or Parkinson's disease or other tremors;or visual impairment.

Another problem with tablet splitting is overdosing or underdosing as itis often difficult to split tablets with a degree of certainty as to thedose contained in each fragment. This can be a particular issue withrespect to active agents with a narrow therapeutic window (e.g.,warfarin, levothyroxine and digoxin), where a slight variation in dosingcan lead to sub-therapeutic or toxic plasma levels.

Further, the splitting of certain controlled release dosage forms (e.g.,opioids, theophylline, calcium channel blockers) compromises theintegrity of the dosage form, resulting in the immediate release of anamount of active agent intended for release over an extended period oftime. This can also result in toxic plasma levels.

A study of 11 commonly split tablets showed that 8 of the 11 tablets,when split, failed to produce half-tablets that met the contentuniformity test for tablets from the United States Pharmacopeia, whichrequires a discrepancy that falls within 85% and 115% of the intendeddosage. Notably, scoring of the tablet did not predict whether thetablet would pass or fail this test. See, Teng et al. Lack of medicationdose uniformity in commonly split tablets. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:195-9.

Splitting or crushing of dosage forms of drugs susceptible to abuse(e.g., opioid analgesics) is also a common method of abusers to obtainan amount of active agent for illicit use. For example, immediaterelease opioid formulations can be split or crushed in order to providethe active agent available for parenteral or nasal abuse.

Controlled release opioid formulations can also be split or crushed inorder to make the active agent available therein (intended for releaseover an extended period) available for immediate parenteral, nasal ororal administration.

There is a need in the art for both immediate and controlled releasesolid oral dosage forms that are resistant to tampering (e.g., splittingor crushing) which minimize the problems associated therewith.

All references disclosed herein are incorporated by reference in theirentireties for all purposes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent (e.g., anopioid analgesic), which is resistant to tampering (e.g., splitting,crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing or a combination thereof).

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent, which issubject to less overdosing caused by splitting the dosage form intouneven doses.

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent, which issubject to less underdosing caused by splitting the dosage form intouneven doses.

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent susceptibleto abuse (e.g., an opioid analgesic), which is subject to lessparenteral abuse than other dosage forms.

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent susceptibleto abuse, which is subject to less intranasal abuse than other dosageforms.

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent susceptibleto abuse, which is subject to less oral abuse than other dosage forms.

It is an object of certain embodiments of the present invention toprovide a solid oral dosage form comprising an active agent susceptibleto abuse, which is subject to less diversion than other dosage forms.

It is a further object of certain embodiments of the present inventionto provide a method of treating pain in human patients with a solid oraldosage form comprising an opioid analgesic while reducing the abusepotential of the dosage form.

It is a further object of certain embodiments of the present inventionto treat a disease or condition (e.g., pain) by administering a solidoral dosage form as disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof.

It is a further object of certain embodiments of the present inventionto provide a method of manufacturing an oral dosage form of an activeagent (e.g., an opioid analgesic) as disclosed herein.

It is a further object of certain embodiments of the present inventionto provide a use of a medicament in the manufacture of a dosage form asdisclosed herein that is resistant to tampering (e.g., splitting,crushing, shearing, grinding, chewing or a combination thereof).

It is a further object of certain embodiments of the present inventionto provide a use of a medicament (e.g., an opioid analgesic) in themanufacture of a dosage form as disclosed herein for the treatment of adisease state (e.g., pain).

These objects and others are accomplished by the present invention,which in certain embodiments is directed to a solid oral dosage formcomprising (a) an inert tamper resistant core; and (b) a coatingsurrounding the core, the coating comprising an active agent.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofpreparing a solid oral dosage form comprising: surrounding an inerttamper resistant core with a coating comprising an active agent.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofpreparing a solid oral dosage form comprising: (a) preparing an inerttamper resistant core; and (b) surrounding the core with a coatingcomprising an active agent.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method oftreating a subject or patient for a disease or condition comprisingadministering to a subject or patient in need thereof a solid oraldosage form as disclosed herein. The methods of treating a disease orcondition include single or repeated dosing over a time interval.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofproviding preventative treatment to a subject or patient comprisingadministering to a subject or patient in need thereof a solid oraldosage form as disclosed herein. The preventative methods include singleor repeated dosing over a time interval.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method oftreating pain comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, asolid oral dosage form comprising an opioid analgesic as disclosedherein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofreducing the incidence of overdosing, comprising dispensing a solid oraldosage form as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofreducing the incidence of underdosing, comprising dispensing a solidoral dosage form as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofreducing the abuse potential of an active agent susceptible to abusecomprising dispensing a solid oral dosage form as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to method ofreducing the incidence of overdosing, comprising preparing a solid oraldosage form as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to method ofreducing the incidence of underdosing, comprising preparing a solid oraldosage form as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a method ofreducing the abuse potential of an active agent susceptible to abusecomprising preparing a solid oral dosage form as disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a use of adrug in the preparation of a tamper resistant solid oral dosage form fortreating or preventing a disease, the dosage form comprising: (a) aninert tamper resistant core; and (b) a coating surrounding the core, thecoating comprising an active agent.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a use of adrug susceptible to abuse in the preparation of a tamper resistant solidoral dosage form, the dosage form comprising: (a) an inert tamperresistant core; and (b) a coating surrounding the core, the coatingcomprising an active agent.

The term “inert” with respect to an inert core means that an activeagent is not included in the core. This does not include a minimalamount of active agent that may migrate into the core from the coatingduring the manufacturing process or during storage. The term “inert”also does not exclude aversive agents such as opioid antagonists in thecore of the present invention.

The term “sustained release” is defined for purposes of the presentinvention as the release of the drug at such a rate that blood (e.g.,plasma) concentrations are maintained within the therapeutic range butbelow toxic concentrations over a period of time of at least about 12hours or longer, or at least 24 hours or longer. Preferably, acontrolled release dosage form can provide once daily or twice dailydosing.

The term “controlled-release” encompasses “sustained release”, “extendedrelease”, “delayed release” or any other modified (i.e., non-immediate)release.

The term “polyethylene oxide” is defined for purposes of the presentinvention as a composition of polyethylene oxide having a molecularweight of at least 25,000, based on rheological measurements, andpreferably having a molecular weight of at least 100,000. Compositionswith lower molecular weight are usually referred to as polyethyleneglycols.

For purposes of the present invention, the term “opioid analgesic” meansone or more compounds selected from base opioid agonists, mixed opioidagonist-antagonists, partial opioid agonists, pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, complexes, stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates andsolvates thereof and mixtures thereof.

The term “patient” means a subject who has presented a clinicalmanifestation of a particular symptom or symptoms suggesting the needfor treatment, who is treated preventatively or prophylactically for acondition, or who has been diagnosed with a condition to be treated.

The term “subject” is inclusive of the definition of the term “patient”and does not exclude individuals who are entirely normal in all respectsor with respect to a particular condition.

As used herein, the term “stereoisomers” is a general term for allisomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation oftheir atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compoundswith more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of oneanother (diastereomers).

As used herein, resistance to splitting, crushing, shearing, grindingand/or chewing results from a dosage form (or any portion thereof)having a preferable breaking strength of at least 400 Newtons.

The term “chiral center” refers to a carbon atom to which four differentgroups are attached.

The term “enantiomer” or “enantiomeric” refers to a molecule that isnonsuperimposable on its mirror image and hence optically active whereinthe enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction andits mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the oppositedirection.

The term “racemic” refers to a mixture of enantiomers.

The term “resolution” refers to the separation or concentration ordepletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of a single coated core embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a multiparticulate embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a unitary core of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a core of the present inventionhaving an inner component and an outer component.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some instances, for particular medications, tablet splitting iscondoned or even encouraged by physicians as a means of reducing thehigh cost of prescription drugs. Widespread use of tablet splitting,however, without consideration of the patient and the particular dosageform can have detrimental effect.

Potential detrimental effects include (i) an increased amount of drugreleased over a short period of time associated with splitting certaincontrolled release dosage forms (e.g., controlled release opioids); (ii)an upset stomach or foul taste in a patient's mouth with splittingdosage forms of foul tasting or gastro-irritative agents (e.g.,ciprofloxacin, aspirin); (iii) unusable fragments with the attemptedsplitting of friable dosage forms such as sublingual nitroglycerin; and(iv) uneven dosing with more drug in one half than in the other, whichis a particular problem with drugs tablet which require a narrowtherapeutic window for each individual patient (e.g., levothyroxine,warfarin and digoxin).

Splitting and crushing is also a methodology utilized by drug abusers inorder to liberate active agent from a dosage form for illicit use (e.g.,parenteral, nasal or oral abuse). This is a problem with both immediaterelease and controlled release dosage forms containing drugs susceptibleto abuse (e.g., opioid analgesics or stimulants).

The present invention thus provides a solid oral dosage form that isresistant to tampering (e.g., splitting, crushing, shearing, grinding,chewing or a combination thereof) that might otherwise be carried out inorder to liberate the active agent contained therein, thus reducing thelikelihood of these associated detrimental effects.

Referring to FIG. 1, the dosage forms of the present invention maycomprise an inert (i.e., without an active agent) tamper resistant core(10); and a coating surrounding the core (11), the coating comprising anactive agent (12).

The dosage form can be a single coated core (e.g., in tablet form) whichcoating contains the entire intended dose as depicted in FIG. 1 or canbe in the form of multiparticulates as depicted in FIG. 2, with aplurality of tamper resistant coated cores (20). The tamper resistantcoated cores have an active agent coating surrounding each core, withthe active agent divided among the plurality of coated cores. Themultiparticulates can be contained in an optional pharmaceuticallyacceptable capsule (21).

As depicted in FIG. 3, the inert tamper resistant core can be unitary(30) with a sufficient hardness in order to be tamper resistant or asdepicted in FIG. 4, can have an inner component (40) which is tamper ornon-tamper resistant, that is coated with a tamper resistant outercomponent (41) of a suitable hardness.

The coating on the inert tamper resistant cores can have a suitableamount of active agent to provide a therapeutic effect. Depending on theactive agent, the amount can be, e.g., from about 0.1 mg to about 1gram, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, or about 10 mg to about 100 mg.Typically, the weight of the coating when applied to the inert cores isabout 1% to about 25% of the total weight of the dosage form althoughthis can be higher or lower depending on the load of active agentrequired for a therapeutic effect.

The tamper resistant cores of the present invention are of a sufficienthardness to present difficulty in splitting, crushing, shearing,grinding or chewing the final dosage form in an attempt to fragment thedosage form. Preferably, the tamper resistant core has a breakingstrength of at least about 400Newtons, at least about 500 Newtons, atleast about 600 Newtons, at least about 700 Newtons, at least about 800Newtons or at least about 1 KiloNewton.

The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical packagecomprising a single or plurality of solid oral dosage forms, e.g.,tablets, of the present invention. The package can be, e.g., a blisterpack, bottle, tube, bags, vial, box, container or any other suitablepackaging material. The container can hold an amount of dosage formssuch as 1 to 5000, 1 to 1000, 1 to 500, 1 to 120, 1 to 100, 1 to 90, 1to 60, 1 to 50, 1 to 30, 1 to 28, 1 to 21, 1 to 14, 1 to 7 or 1 to 5.Specific amounts of dosage forms included in packaging materials include1 (single dose), 7 (e.g., once daily dosing for one week), 14 (e.g.,twice daily dosing for one week), 21 (e.g., three times daily dosing for1 week), 28 (e.g., four times daily dosing for 1 week), 30 (e.g., oncedaily dosing for one month), 60 (e.g., twice daily dosing for onemonth), 90 (e.g., three times daily dosing for 1 month), 100 (typicallya 1-3 month supply) or 120 (e.g., four times daily dosing for 1 month).

Immediate Release Dosage Forms

The solid oral dosage forms of the present invention can be in the formof an inert tamper resistant core coated with an immediate releasecoating of the active agent. Immediate release dosage forms of drugssusceptible to abuse are sometimes split or crushed in order for thedrug to be readily available for parenteral or nasal abuse. Thus, thepresent invention may discourage the illicit use of immediate releaseformulations by inhibiting the ability to effectively split or crush thedosage form. The immediate release tamper resistant dosage forms of thepresent invention also discourage the splitting of dosage forms that canresult in an overdose or underdose of the active agent containedtherein.

The immediate release coating can be applied by various methodologiessuch as spray coating, dipping, powder layering or compression coating.In embodiments wherein the active agent does not provide the necessarybulk to process the immediate release coating, various excipients can beutilized in order to facilitate processing.

In spray coated dosage forms, the active agent is typically dissolved insolution and sprayed onto the inert cores of the present invention ineither single or multiparticulate form. The process may include sprayingof very finely atomized droplets of solution onto the inert cores in astream of hot process air or other suitable gas. By having the drug insolution rather than suspension, improved uniformity of the coating canbe achieved. The solution can be an aqueous or organic solvent andinclude various binders such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, natural andsynthetic gums including gum arabic, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,pullulan, dextrin, starch, polyvinyl alcohol among others.

In powder layering, inert tamper resistant cores of the presentinvention may be spray coated with a binder to provide tackiness. Theactive agent in powder form is then sprayed onto the binder coated inertcores. The spraying powder comprising the active agent may also includeadditional excipients, including glidants, diluents, stabilizers,coloring agents, and additional binders. Suitable glidants include,e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide and/or talc. Suitable diluents include,e.g., polysaccharides, monosaccharides, corn starch, and the like.

In compression coating, the active agent is combined with suitableexcipients (e.g., glidants, diluents) and compression coated onto theinert tamper resistant cores of the present invention. In certainembodiments, a Manesty Dry-Cota press (e.g., Model 900) can be utilized.This apparatus consists of two side by side interconnected tabletpresses where the inert core is made on one press and then mechanicallytransferred to the next press for compression coating. Each press has anindependent powder feed mechanism so that the inert core blend is loadedon one machine, and the coating blend is loaded on the other machine.Mechanical transfer arms rotate between the machines to remove coresfrom the core press and transfer them to the coating press. Otherpresses which may be used to prepare the dosage forms of the presentinvention include Elizabeth Hata HT-AP44-MSU-C; Killian RLUD; and FettePT 4090, each of which has a dual feed system for coating blend andpre-made cores.

In any of the above immediate release coating embodiments, a film coat(e.g., for taste, protective or cosmetic purposes) can be overcoated onthe immediate release layer and/or utilized as an undercoat between theinert core and the active agent layer. An example of such a coating isOpadry®.

Controlled Release Dosage Forms

The solid oral dosage forms of the present invention can be in the formof an inert tamper resistant core coated with a controlled releasecoating of the active agent. Splitting controlled release dosage formsis subject to the same issues as immediate release dosage forms (e.g.,parenteral and nasal abuse, non-uniform fragments). In addition,controlled release dosage forms are subject to oral abuse when an amountof drug intended for an extended period of time is liberated forimmediate illicit use by splitting or crushing. Thus, the dosage formsof the present invention discourage the illicit use of controlledrelease formulations. Further, if a patient administers a half tablet ofmany controlled release dosage forms (without illicit intent), often theintegrity of the dosage form is compromised and a toxic amount of activeagent can be released. The controlled release tamper resistant dosageforms of the present invention also discourage the splitting of dosageforms that can result in an overdose or underdose of the active agentcontained therein.

In certain embodiments, an immediate release coating of the active agentis applied to the inert tamper resistant cores of the present invention(e.g., as disclosed above) followed by an application of a controlledrelease coating over the active layer. In other embodiments, the activeagent can be included (i.e., dispersed) in controlled release excipientsin the coating without a separate active agent layer and controlledrelease layer. The controlled release coating can be applied by variousmethodologies (e.g., spray coating and compression coating as discussedabove) with the inclusion of excipient(s) to provide the desired releaserate.

A non-limiting list of suitable controlled release materials which maybe selected for inclusion in the controlled release layer according tothe present invention includes hydrophilic and hydrophobic materialssuch as sustained release polymers, gums, acrylic resins,protein-derived materials, waxes, shellacs, and solid or semi-solid oilssuch as hydrogenated castor oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil. Morespecifically, the controlled release materials can be, e.g.,alkylcelluloses such as ethylcellulose, acrylic and methacrylic acidpolymers and copolymers, and cellulose ethers, such ashydroxyalkylcelluloses (e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) andcarboxyalkylcelluloses. Waxes include, e.g., natural and syntheticwaxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and mixtures of the same (e.g.,beeswax, carnauba wax, stearic acid and stearyl alcohol). Certainembodiments utilize mixtures of two or more of the foregoing controlledrelease materials in the matrix of the core. However, anypharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic or hydrophilic controlledrelease material which is capable of imparting controlled release of theactive agent may be used in accordance with the present invention. Thecontrolled release coating may also contain suitable quantities ofadditional excipients, e.g., lubricants, binders, granulating aids,diluents, colorants, flavorants and glidants, all of which areconventional in the pharmaceutical art.

In any of the controlled release coating embodiments, a film coat (e.g.,for taste, protective or cosmetic purposes) can be overcoated on thecontrolled release layer and/or utilized as an undercoat between theinert core and the active agent layer.

Other Tamper Resistant Embodiments

In other embodiments, the inert tamper resistant dosage forms that areresistant to splitting, crushing, etc., can further include additionalagents that are aversive to oral, parenteral and/or nasal abuse of thedosage form.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dosage formcomprises a bittering agent in the inert core, in the coating, or inboth the inert core and the coating, to discourage an abuser fromtampering with the dosage form (e.g., by chewing, splitting or crushing)and thereafter inhaling or swallowing the tampered dosage form due tothe resultant unpleasant taste. Various bittering agents can be employedincluding, for example and without limitation, natural, artificial andsynthetic flavor oils and flavoring aromatics and/or oils, oleoresinsand extracts derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc., andcombinations thereof. Nonlimiting representative flavor oils includespearmint oil, peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, oil of nutmeg, allspice,mace, oil of bitter almonds, menthol and the like. Useful bitteringagents can be artificial, natural and synthetic fruit flavors such ascitrus oils including lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, and fruitessences and the like. Additional bittering agents include sucrosederivatives (e.g., sucrose octaacetate), chlorosucrose derivatives,quinine sulphate, and the like. The preferred bittering agent for use inthe present invention is Denatonium Benzoate NF-Anhydrous, sold underthe name Bitrex®. (Macfarlan Smith Limited, Edinburgh, UK).

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the dosage formcomprises an irritant in the inert core, in the coating, or in both theinert core and the coating, to discourage an abuser from tampering withthe dosage form (e.g., by chewing, splitting or crushing) and thereafterinhaling or swallowing the tampered dosage form due to the resultantburning or irritating effect to the abuser upon inhalation, injection,and/or swallowing of the tampered dosage form. Various irritants can beemployed including, for example and without limitation capsaicin, acapsaicin analog with similar type properties as capsaicin, and thelike. Some capsaicin analogues or derivatives include for example andwithout limitation, resiniferatoxin, tinyatoxin, heptanoylisobutylamide,heptanoyl guaiacylamide, other isobutylamides or guaiacylamides,dihydrocapsaicin, homovanillyl octylester, nonanoyl vanillylamide, orother compounds of the class known as vanilloids.

In other embodiments, a gelling agent can be included in the inert core,in the coating, or in both the inert core and the coating, such thatwhen the dosage form is tampered with, the gelling agent preferablyimparts a gel-like quality to the tampered dosage form in the presenceof a liquid (e.g., an extracting solvent or within the mucosa) to hinderthe ability to inject or inhale the active agent. Various gelling agentscan be employed including, for example and without limitation, sugars orsugar derived alcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, and the like, starchand starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives, such as microcrystallinecellulose, sodium caboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, andhydroxypropyl methylcellulose, attapulgites, bentonites, dextrins,alginates, carrageenan, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, guar gum, xanthangum, pectin, gelatin, kaolin, lecithin, magnesium aluminum silicate, thecarbomers and carbopols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol,polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, silicon dioxide, surfactants,mixed surfactant/wetting agent systems, emulsifiers, other polymericmaterials, and mixtures thereof.

In other embodiments, opioid antagonists can be used in the presentinvention to discourage illicit use. The antagonist can be naltrexone,naloxone, nalmefene, nalide, nalmexone, nalorphine, nalorphinedinicotinate, cyclazocine, levallorphan, pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof, and mixtures thereof. The antagonist can be in thecoating, the inert core, or in both the inert core and the coating. Theantagonist (as well as the other aversive agents) can be releasable orsequestered, such that the agent is only releasable if the dosage formis tampered with. Sequestered dosage forms can be formulated inaccordance with U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,088.

Inert Tamper Resistant Cores

Non-limiting examples of suitable inert core materials include polymerssuch as polyalkylene oxides (e.g., polymethylene oxides, polyethyleneoxides, polypropylene oxides) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinylchlorides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylates,polycaprolactone, polymethacrylates copolymers thereof, and mixturesthereof.

A suitable inert core material can be processed to produce a tamperresistant core by heating the material (i.e., curing) to its melting(softening) point and then cooling the material. The heating may bemonitored by a temperature measurement in the interior of a formed coreusing a temperature sensor. In other embodiments, the core can besubject to ultrasonic forces. Compressive force may optionally beapplied, continuously or discontinuously, to form the core. The methodof producing a tamper resistant core according to the invention may beaccelerated by rapidly cooling formed cores after the application ofheat. This may proceed, for example by conveying the formed coresthrough a cooling chamber or by placing them into a cooling medium, suchas for example into a liquid gas. See, U.S. Patent Publication No.2007/0003616.

In an aspect of the invention, a core is formed having a breakingstrength of at least 400 Newtons. In another aspect of the invention, acore is formed having a breaking strength of at least 500 Newtons, atleast 600 Newtons, at least 700 Newtons, at least 800 Newtons or atleast 1 KiloNewton.

Cores of such breaking strength can be prepared by adapting thetechnologies described in the art to the presently disclosed invention.Non-limiting examples of such technologies are described in thefollowing published US patent applications: US 2005/0236741 and US2008/0317854, which describe abuse-proof dosage forms that incorporate abinder having a breaking strength of 500 Newtons, and exposing thedosage forms to ultrasound and force; US 2006/0002859 and US2008/0312264, which describe abuse-proof dosage forms having a breakingstrength of 500 Newtons, produced by melt extrusion with aplanetary-gear extruder; US 2006/0188447, US 2008/0311049, US2009/0005408 and US 2007/0003616, which describe abuse-proof dosagehaving a polymer with a breaking strength of at least 500 Newtons; US2006/0193782 and US 2008/0247959 which describe abuse-proof dosage formshaving a polymer with a breaking strength of at least 500 Newtons andthermoformed without extrusion; US 2006/0193914, US 2008/0311187, and US2010/0151028 which describe crush resistant dosage forms having aresistance to crushing of at least 400 Newtons and release of activeagent that is at least partially delayed.

In order to achieve a core breaking strength according to the invention,the core can comprise at least one natural or synthetic wax with thespecified breaking strength. Waxes with a softening point of at least60° C. are preferably used, for example, carnauba wax and beeswax. Thewax can be used together with one or more suitable core polymers.

A tamper resistant core according to the invention can also be formed bycoating a conventional core with a tamper resistant material such ascellulose acetate, such that the core is thereby rendered tamperresistant. The tamper resistant material may be coated onto a core usingcoating methods described above. The active agent coating (immediate orcontrolled release) can then be coated onto the tamper resistant coatingof the inert core.

Splitting a dosage form can be more difficult when it has anasymmetrical shape. Splitting may also be more difficult if the dosageform has a shape that is roundish or spherical as compared to flattish,oval or longish.

Shaping of the tablet may be performed by applying force, e.g., a forceof greater than or equal to 0.5 KiloNewton, preferably of 1 to 100KiloNewton. The force is preferably exerted with the assistance of apress, preferably a tablet press, with shaping rollers or shaping beltsequipped with rollers. The formulation mixture may also be extruded withthe assistance of an extruder to yield a strand which is singulated intoformed articles having the desired size.

A suitable method for determining the breaking strength of a tablet coreis published in the European Pharmacopoeia 1997, page 143, 144, methodno. 2.9.8.

In other embodiments, the inert core material can include a natural orsynthetic abrasive material such as metal oxides (e.g., alumina, ceria,silica, and zirconia), carbides (e.g., calcium carbide, silicon carbide(carborundum), tungsten carbide and cementite), nitrides (e.g., titaniumnitride, aluminum nitride and gallium nitride) and co-formed products orcombinations thereof. The abrasive material is preferably durable enoughto inhibit splitting, crushing, shearing, grinding, or chewing of thedosage form, while also not presenting a safety/toxicity issue to thepatient.

Active Agents

A solid oral dosage form of the present invention may include any drug,or combination of drugs, that can be incorporated into a coating forapplication directly over an inert tamper resistant core. The presentinvention is particularly suited to drugs that should not beadministered in split or divided solid dosage forms. Accordingly, thepresent invention is particularly suited to drugs such as, for example,antibiotics, opioids, hormones, anti-psychotic agents, stimulants, anti-hypertensive agents, and sedatives. More specific, non-limiting examplesinclude controlled release verapamil, extended-release oxycodone,extended release morphine, coated aspirin, niroglycerin, digoxin,levothyroxine and warfarin.

The inert tamper resistant cores can be used to produce solid oraldosage forms according to the present invention that make drug abusemore difficult. A drug abuser will find it more difficult to simplysplit or crush a solid oral dosage form according to the presentinvention to produce a powder suitable for nasal or intravenousadministration. Accordingly, the instant invention is particularlysuited to prepare oral dosage forms of commonly abused drugs such as,for example, opioids, tranquilizers, CNS depressants, CNS stimulants,anti-anxiolytics (e.g., benzodiazepines), sedatives, hypnotics,stimulants (including amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, dinoprostone,methylphenidate, modafinil, pemoline and appetite suppressants such asphenylpropanolamine), and cannabinoids, among others.

Opioids useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to,alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine,bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine,desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone,dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol,dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine,ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene,etorphine, dihydroetorphine, fentanyl and derivatives, hydrocodone,hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone,levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol,metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, narceine,nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, nalbuphene,normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum,pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine,piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine, promedol, properidine,propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol, pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, andmixtures thereof. Preferably, the opioid is selected from the groupconsisting of codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone,oxymorphone, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers,ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, and mixtures thereof.

In other embodiments, the active agent can be selected from barbituratessuch as phenobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital,talbutal, aprobarbital, mephobarbital, butalbital, pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, and the like; benzodiazepines such asdiazepam, chlordiazepoxide, alprazolam, triazolam, estazolam,clonazepam, flunitrazepam, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,and the like; stimulants such as gamma-hydroxybutyrate,dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, sibutramine,methylenedioxyrnethamphetamine, pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof, and the like; other agents such as marinol, meprobamate andcarisoprodol; and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, complexes,stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, and mixtures thereof.

In other embodiments, the active agent can be an anti-psychotic agentsuch as amisulpride, aripiprazole bifemelane, bromperidol, clozapine,chlorpromazine, haloperidol, iloperidone loperidone, olanzapine,quetiapine, fluphenazine, fumarate, risperidone, thiothixene,thioridazine, sulpride, ziprasidone, and all pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, complexes, stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, andmixtures thereof.

In other embodiments, the active agent can be an anti-hypertensive agentsuch as beta adrenergic blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol andtimolol), calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type; e.g., diltiazem,verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil), diuretics (e.g.,chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide,bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide,polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone,furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride,spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril,zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril, cilazopril, delapril,pentopril, quinapril, ramipril, lisinopril), AT-1 receptor antagonists(e.g., losartan, irbesartan, valsartan), ET receptor antagonists (e.g.,sitaxsentan, atrsentan, and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,612,359 and 6,043,265), Dual ET/AII antagonist (e.g., compoundsdisclosed in WO 00/01389), neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors,vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACE inhibitors) (e.g., omapatrilatand gemopatrilat), nitrates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,complexes, stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, andmixtures thereof.

In further embodiments, other therapeutically active agents may be usedin accordance with the present invention. Examples of suchtherapeutically active agents include antihistamines (e.g.,dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine anddexchlorpheniramine maleate), non-steroidal anti- inflammatory agents(e.g., naproxen, diclofenac, indomethacin, ibuprofen, sulindac, Cox-2inhibitors), acetaminophen, anti-emetics (e.g., metoclopramide,methylnaltrexone), anti-epileptics (e.g., phenyloin, meprobmate andnitrazepam), anti-tussive agents and expectorants, anti-asthmatics (e.g.theophylline), antacids, anti-spasmodics (e.g. atropine, scopolamine),antidiabetics (e.g., insulin), bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol),steroids (e.g., hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, prednisone), antibiotics(e.g., tetracycline, penicillins, cephalosporins, erythromycins),hormones (e.g., estrogens and progestins), anti-hemorrhoidals,psychotropics, anti-diarrheals, mucolytics, decongestants (e.g.pseudoephedrine), laxatives, vitamins, and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, complexes, stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, andmixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate,phosphate and the like; organic acid salts such as formate, acetate,trifluoroacetate, maleate, tartrate and the like; sulfonates such asmethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and the like;amino acid salts such as arginate, asparaginate, glutamate and the like;metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, cesium salt and thelike; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and thelike; and organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt, pyridine salt,picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt,dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like.

The tamper resistant dosage forms can be used to treat any disease orcondition requiring pharmacological therapy. Such disease states includewithout limitation, pain and anti-psychotic disorders.

Pain syndromes include but are not limited to acute or chronic pain thatis either nociceptive (for example somatic or visceral) ornon-nociceptive (for example neuropathic or sympathetic) in origin. Insome embodiments, the pain is nociceptive pain including, but notlimited to, surgical pain, inflammatory pain such as that associatedwith inflammatory bowel syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis, painassociated with cancer, and pain associated with osteoarthritis. In someembodiments, the pain is non-nociceptive pain including, but not limitedto, neuropathic pain such as post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminalneuralgia, focal peripheral nerve injury, anesthesia clolorosa, centralpain (for example, post-stroke pain, pain due to spinal cord injury orpain associated with multiple sclerosis), and peripheral neuropathy (forexample, diabetic neuropathy, inherited neuropathy or other acquiredneuropathies).

Psychotic disorder include but are not limited to psychotic depression,postpartum depression, affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder,schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, briefpsychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, borderline personalitydisorder, manic-depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder,Huntington's Disease, Tourette's syndrome and tic disorder.

The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding theinvention and should not be construed as specifically limiting theinvention described and claimed herein. Such variations of theinvention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known orlater developed, which would be within the purview of those skilled inthe art, and changes in formulation or minor changes in experimentaldesign, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the inventionincorporated herein.

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/426,903, filed Dec. 23, 2010, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided to illustrate, but not to limit, thepresent invention.

Prophetic Example 1

A tablet may be constructed using the following materials and processes:

Core

Polyethylene oxide 149 mg Magnesium stearate  1 mg Total 150 mg

Coating

Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)  5 mg HPMC 10 mg

Overcoat

HPMC 10 mg

Manufacturing Process

I. Blend the polyethylene oxide with the magnesium stearate.

II. Compress into round 7 mm tablet cores using a rotary tablet press toachieve a target weight of 150 mg.

III. Cure the cores in a conventional tablet coater by heating to anexhaust temperature of 72 C for 15 minutes.

IV. Allow the tablets to cool while continuously rotating the tabletbed. Add a dusting of magnesium stearate, if necessary, to prevent thecores agglomerating.

V. Disperse the active ingredient and HPMC for the active coating inwater to a solids content of 10-15%.

VI. Apply the active ingredient-containing coating to the tablet coresusing the tablet coater to a target weight gain of 15 mg/tablet.

VII. Disperse the HPMC (for the overcoat) in water to a solids contentof 10-15%.

VIII. Apply the overcoat to the active ingredient-coated cores in thetablet coater to achieve a target weight gain of 10 mg/tablet.

Prophetic Example 2

I. An inert tablet was prepared using 200 mg of high molecular weightpolyethylene oxide (PEO 303—MW 7,000,000), as set forth below.

II. To prepare the core, a single station Manesty Type F 3 tablet pressis equipped with 7.94 mm, round, standard concave plain tooling. Apowdered aliquot of the PEO, was weighed out to target weight of 200 mg,charged into the die, and compressed to form the inert.

III. Several compression inert tablets prepared as above are placed ontoa tray, which are placed in a Hotpack model 435304 oven targeting 72° C.for 30 minutes to cure.

IV. Thereafter, 20 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate are spray coated ontothe inert core in a hydroxypropylmethycellulose solution.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specificembodiments disclosed in the examples which are intended asillustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments thatare functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention.Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to thoseshown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in theart and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A solid oral dosage form comprising: (a) an inert tamper resistantcore; and (b) a coating surrounding the core, the coating comprisingactive agent. 2.-4. (canceled)
 5. The solid oral dosage form of claim 1,wherein the tamper resistant core has a breaking strength of at least400 Newtons.
 6. (canceled)
 7. The solid oral dosage form of claim 1,wherein the inert tamper resistant core comprises an inner component andan outer component surrounding the inner component.
 8. The solid oraldosage form of claim 7, wherein the inner component is tamper resistant,the outer component is tamper resistant or both the inner and outercomponents are tamper resistant.
 9. the solid oral dosage form of claim8, wherein the outer component is tamper resistant.
 10. (canceled) 11.The solid oral dosage form of claim 9, wherein the coating provides acontrolled release of the active agent.
 12. The solid oral dosage formof claim 11, wherein the coating further comprises a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. 13.-14. (canceled)
 15. The solid oral dosage formof claim 12, wherein the excipient is a controlled release excipient.16. The solid oral dosage form of claim 15, wherein the controlledrelease excipient is selected from the group consisting of a cellulosicmaterial, an acrylic polymer, and a combination thereof.
 17. The solidoral dosage form of claim 16, wherein the active agent is dispersed inthe excipient.
 18. (canceled)
 19. The solid oral dosage form of claim 1,wherein the core comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 20.The solid oral dosage form of claim 1, wherein the core comprises agelling agent.
 21. The solid oral dosage form of claim 20, wherein thegelling agent is selected from the group consisting of sugars, sugarderived alcohols, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, starch derivatives,cellulose derivatives, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, attapulgites,bentonites, dextrins, alginates, carrageenan, gum tragacanth, gumacacia, guar gum, xanthan gum, pectin, gelatin, kaolin, lechitin,magnesium aluminum silicate, carbomers, carbopols, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, silicondioxide, surfactants, mixed surfactant and wetting agent systems,emulsifiers, and mixtures thereof. 22.-29. (canceled)
 30. The solid oraldosage form of claim 1, wherein the active agent is susceptible toabuse.
 31. The solid oral dosage form of claim 30, wherein the activeagent is selected from the group consisting of opioid analgesics,tranquilizers, CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, sedatives, hypnotics,stimulants, and cannabinoids.
 32. The solid oral dosage form of claim31, wherein the active agent is an opioid analgesic selected from thegroup consisting of codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine,oxycodone, oxymorphone, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts,complexes, stereoisomers, ethers, esters, hydrates, solvates, andmixtures thereof. 33.-40. (canceled)
 41. A method of preparing a solidoral dosage form comprising: (a) preparing an inert tamper resistantcore; and (b) surrounding the core with a coating comprising an activeagent.
 42. (canceled)
 43. A method of treating pain comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof, a solid oral dosage form ofclaim
 32. 44.-51. (canceled)
 52. The method of claim 41, wherein thetamper resistant core has a breaking strength of at least 400 Newtons.53. The method of claim 41, wherein the inert tamper resistant corecomprises an inner component and an outer component surrounding theinner component.